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March 25, 2025, Paper: "The gaps in absolute life expectancy and age-standardized mortality between Black and White Americans decreased over the 70-year period beginning in 1950, but relative mortality in infants and children increased during this same period. The mortality rates in the 1950s for White and Black infants were 2703 and 5181 deaths per 100 000 persons, respectively, for an excess mortality ratio of 1.92 (95% CI, 1.91 to 1.93). In the 2010s, the mortality rates were 499 deaths per 100 000 persons in White infants and 1073 deaths per 100 000 persons in Black infants, for an excess mortality ratio of 2.15 (CI, 2.13 to 2.17). A total of 5.0 million excess deaths of Black Americans (including 522 617 infants) could have been avoided during these 7 decades if their mortality rates were equal to those of White Americans."